Canada

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA at specific sites, often affecting gene expression. These patterns can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including aging. Specific DNA methylation sites have been linked to various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, making them promising epigenetic biomarkers for age and disease prediction. This study aims to develop machine learning models to predict chronological age and classify Alzheimer’s disease using DNA methylation profiles derived from blood samples. Two datasets were made from publicly available studies: the age prediction dataset included 9 studies with a total of 4,303 samples (median age 54 years) and the Alzheimer’s disease dataset which included 2 studies comprising of 823 samples, 247 of whom were from individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. The final age prediction model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.01 years and a median absolute error (MedAE) of 2.40 years. The Alzheimer’s classification model attained an accuracy of 79%, with a false positive rate of 13.9% and a false negative rate of 36.6%. Both models identified sites associated with relevant genes. The age model highlighted ELOVL2, FHL2, KLF14, and TRIM59, which are commonly associated with aging, while the Alzheimer’s model identified SCGN, FKBP5, GATA4, ORMDL3, IRF3, and SPIDR, all of which have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease in previous studies. These findings support the potential of DNA methylation as an epigenetic biomarker for both age and disease prediction.

Aging Powerfully: AI Blueprint for Chronic Disease Management and Social Determinants of Longevity

Machine Learning Prediction of Age and Alzheimer’s Disease from DNA Methylation Profiles

disease classification

epigenetic clock

age prediction

alzheimer's disease

dna methylation

machine learning

As AI transforms healthcare, ensuring reliability is critical. However, systems learning from existing data often reflect gaps or inconsistencies, leading to false inferences, diagnostic errors, and unequal performance across patient groups.

Open Data is pivotal for transparency and accountability. Biases emerging from unrepresentative datasets or flawed assumptions can perpetuate health disparities.

Leveraging public data on genomics, clinical trials, and social determinants allows researchers to audit and mitigate these risks effectively.

We task undergraduate and graduate students to harness data science to:

* Detect, reduce, and prevent bias in diagnostics and drug discovery;

* Develop data-driven tools that increase fairness and inclusivity;

* Innovate bias-aware model evaluation techniques to build trustworthy AI systems.

Equitable Health Technologies: Overcoming Biases and False Inferences in AI Diagnostics and Drug Discovery

As AI transforms healthcare, ensuring reliability is critical. However, systems learning from existing data often reflect gaps or inconsistencies, leading to false inferences, diagnostic errors, and unequal performance across patient groups.

technical paper

2025 National Inter-University Health Data & AI Inquiry Program - this program is a unique project-based inquiry and science communication program that brings together students from diverse academic backgrounds and research interests. Presented research projects explore how generative AI is being applied to medication management, mental health screening, and chronic disease monitoring to align with the future of pharmacy practice.

2025 National Inter-University Health Data & AI Inquiry Program is a unique project-based inquiry and science communication program that brings together students from diverse academic backgrounds and research interests. 

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prominent form of dementia, accounting for 60–70% of all dementia cases. AD has many different risk factors, with the most prominent one being age - meaning it is a major concern for the aging population. In recent years, chatbots have become a popular and interactive form of software with the capability to perform certain actions. In the context of AD, chatbots can be leveraged to provide an accessible interface for machine learning classification models. This paper explores using Rasa, an open-source framework with natural language processing capabilities, as an interactive platform that can switch between machine learning models trained to classify different types of data based on identified intent. Two separate datasets were used to represent distinct diagnostic modalities: one with clinical and demographic risk factor data, and another containing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain images. A Random Forest Classifier achieved 95% accuracy and 0.96 area under the curve (AUC) on the tabular dataset, while a Convolutional Neural Network reached 96% accuracy on the MRI dataset, though performance varied by class, with lower AUC for the “Very_Mild_Dementia” class. The proposed chatbot interface facilitates intuitive use, supports model extensibility, and reduces the need for extensive software training among clinicians. This approach demonstrates that a chatbot-interfaced application can effectively reduce the technological knowledge required to leverage machine learning for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.

Multimodal Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis Chatbot for Alzheimer’s Disease

Cognitive decline and dementia are increasing public health concerns among Canada’s aging population. Musical interaction has been a potential non-pharmacologic intervention to enhance cognitive and affective well-being. Its benefits may not be widely distributed to all groups, though. This research investigates the association between musical engagement and cognitive function, and social determinants among older Canadians using analysis of two national surveys: the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS – Healthy Aging) and the General Social Survey (GSS – Time Use, Cycle 29). Affordable artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including multiple linear regression and k-means clustering, were employed to explore predictors of depression and musical engagement trends. Depression scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were approximated based on loneliness, income, education, race, and immigration status. Clustering pinpointed high depression groups with limited music access. GSS data illustrated differences in gender and income participation in music despite regression findings indicating poor predictive capability (R² ≈ 0.00). Loneliness was the strongest predictor of depression (coef = 0.36), and the model explained 34% of the variance (R² = 0.34). Findings indicate that racialized, low-income older adults are least likely to have music-based care. These findings identify that AI can uncover disparities and guide culturally responsive, community-based programming to promote equity in healthy aging.

Musical Engagement and Cognitive Risk: an Equity-Focused Analysis in Canadian Seniors

Across North America, elders face high rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, yet standard DASH guidelines lack the precision to accommodate age, sex, and comorbidity differences. We developed a linear‐programming engine that transforms DASH nutrient ranges into individualized meal plans for 18 geriatric cohorts (female/male × three age bands × three health statuses). Using an 8 × 49 food‐group incidence matrix and cohort‐specific lower/upper bounds drawn from NHLBI DASH targets, energy‐scaling factors, and disease caps, our model minimizes total slack across all constraints. Implemented in Python 3.11 with PuLP and the HiGHS dual‐simplex solver, it produced feasible menus for every cohort, with maximum deviation ≤ 0.3 servings per group. Key findings include robust compliance with fruit and vegetable targets, while grains and fats/oils bounds were most frequently binding—especially in oldest and hypercholesterolemic cohorts. A ±10 \% sensitivity test showed that modest bound adjustments markedly reduce average slack yet shift which groups become most challenging. Our approach demonstrates that precision nutrition via linear optimization can operationalize DASH into concrete, cohort‐tailored menus, offering a transparent, reproducible framework for personalized geriatric dietary planning.

Optimizing Geriatric DASH Diet with Linear Programming for Personalized Nutrition

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmune joint disease and a major cause of disability globally, particularly impacting the elderly with premature immune aging and a reduced life expectancy of up to 10 years. Early diagnosis is critical to improving outcomes, yet current diagnostic methods rely on time-consuming and costly manual scoring of joint damage from X-ray images using the Sharp/van der Heijde (SvH) system, an indicator of disease severity. In this study, we present a deep learning pipeline utilizing the EfficientNet-b0 convolutional neural network (CNN) to automate RA classification from hand X-ray images, using binary classification of patients as either “Healthy” or “RA” based on a predefined Sharp/van der Heijde (SvH) score threshold. Our approach integrates a robust preprocessing pipeline (grayscale conversion, Gaussian denoising, CLAHE, and specialized normalization) and a two-phase transfer learning strategy for model training. On the testing dataset, the model achieved a test accuracy of 83.77%, RA precision of 80.00%, RA recall of 53.85%, AUC-ROC of 88.54%, specificity for the healthy class of 94.96%, and an RA F1-score of 64.37%. These results highlight the model’s potential to aid early RA diagnosis and serve as a foundation for AI-based diagnostic tools in aging populations, supporting timely intervention and improved longevity.

Optimizing Radiographic Scoring in Elderly Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Using a Convolutional Neural Network Deep Learning Model

The CatchIt Early research project examined how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) could support early detection of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease in Canada. Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) survey was used to model early indicators of cognitive decline in diagnosis based on five (5) variables: perceived mental health, diagnosed mood disorder, sleep issues, mobility limitations, and memory issues. Following preprocessing and dimensionality reduction, random forest and logistic regression learning models were trained to classify individuals at risk. Both models performed poorly, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.507 and 0.505, low specificity, and negligible Cohen’s Kappa scores. While sensitivity was moderate, both models failed to distinguish true positives from false positives reliably. These findings indicate that self- reported data alone is insufficient for early detection of neurodegeneration using current AI/ML approaches. To contextualize the prevalence, the choropleth maps and a line graph were created to illustrate a consistent rise in Alzheimer’s cases from 2002 to 2022 and Parkinson’s from 2006 to 2022, with notable provincial variation. While predictive modeling using existing public health data was unsuccessful, the project emphasizes the urgent need for richer, longitudinal, and clinically validated datasets to improve early detection capabilities. Ultimately, the study highlights the growing burden of neurodegenerative disorders in Canada and the importance of advancing data integration to support proactive public health planning and early intervention.

Predicting Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Onset Through Machine Learning and Public Health Data

As populations age, early detection of chronic illness is increasingly vital to prevent declines in independence and quality of life. This study investigates whether wearable-derived physiological signals and clinical health records can be used to predict chronic illness in older adults using machine learning models. We used data from the All of Us (AOU) Research Program, including Fitbit wearable summaries and EHR-based clinical measures, to predict three high-burden chronic conditions: osteoporosis, dementia, and heart failure. After filtering for data completeness, we created participant-level summaries using 21 features spanning physical activity, sleep behavior, cardiovascular metrics, and biometric indicators. A final dataset of approximately 2,000 participants aged 60+ was used for modeling. Logistic regression, random forest, and XGBoost models were trained and evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation with stratified train/test splits. We addressed class imbalance with up-sampling during training. Performance was measured using accuracy, F1-score, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). Osteoporosis prediction achieved the highest performance across models (XGBoost AUC = 0.802, F1 = 0.742), supported by features such as basal metabolic rate (BMR) and daily energy expenditure. Dementia and heart failure results were limited by severe class imbalance, with undefined F1-scores and reduced AUCs. These results demonstrate the feasibility of predicting musculoskeletal chronic conditions using wearable and clinical data, and highlight the challenges of modeling rare disease outcomes in imbalanced datasets. Our findings suggest a scalable framework for early risk stratification using passive health monitoring in aging populations.

Predicting Chronic Illness in Aging Populations Using Physiological Markers

Predicting Loneliness-Linked Health Risks by Analyzing Digital Behaviours Using AI

As public health and demographic shifts coexist, aging populations present challenges for disease prediction and prevention in developing regions. Focusing on the urban and rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan, and Kandahar and Kabul, Afghanistan, the presented research approaches the task of developing a predictive AI framework to quantify polio and hypertension risk. Bayesian networks were employed to model the probability of causal relationships between the parameters of age, vaccination status, sanitation, urbanity or rurality, and water access. Synthetic, yet realistic, data was integrated to reflect true conditions necessary for training the model to understand real data that was later provided. Risk calculations produced capture the multiplicative effects of low vaccination statuses, poor sanitation, and aging on the probability of being at risk. Results show regional differences due to urbanity and rurality showing higher risk of hypertension in the latter, but a main focus on poor sanitation correlating to higher risk of polio. Hypertension is shown to have a positive correlational relationship with aging, while polio is shown to have a negative correlational relationship. The AI model thus shows how localized interventions like, sanitation campaigns or an increase in elderly care, could mitigate risks. These findings underline a need for data-driven public health strategies in resource-scarce environments. The framework’s ability to adapt to parameters suggests applications in other regions, age groups, diseases, and more, provided that real data is used. This contributes to a replicable method for health interventions where inequities reside.

Predictive Modeling of Polio and Hypertension: A Hybrid Model for Disease Risk Forecasting


Sleep is a crucial determinant of health, yet many older Canadians experience inadequate sleep, particularly those facing socioeconomic disadvantages. This study investigates the relationship between sleep deprivation and socioeconomic status (SES) in predicting cognitive decline and cardiometabolic illness among older adults in Canada. We conducted a secondary analysis of seven Canadian datasets, the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), the Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol (CDIP), Sleep Rest Inequality (SRI) Dataset, and the Wearable Sleep Inequity Dataset. Adults aged 60 and above were evaluated using self-reported and objective sleep indicators (duration, fragmentation, waking after sleep onset), SES measures (income quintile, education), and health outcomes (cardiometabolic illness, BMI, cognition). T-tests, chi-square tests, linear and logistic regression, and unsupervised K-means clustering were used to examine associations and predict health outcomes. Older adults in the lowest income quintile reported significantly shorter sleep (6.0 hrs vs. 6.6 hrs), higher cardiometabolic disease rates (33% vs. 19%), and greater cognitive impairment (28% vs. 14%). Both the risk of mood disorders (RR = 1.45) and cardiometabolic disease (RR = 1.33) were strongly predicted by SES and sleep duration, according to regression models. Cognitive scores and sleep length had a positive correlation, and clustering identified different sleep health profiles by socioeconomic status (SES), with a Silhouette Score of 0.61. Sleep inequality is a measurable and powerful predictor of chronic illness in aging Canadians.

Sleep Inequality and Chronic Illness in Aging Canadians

Chronic conditions may develop as a result of a variety of reasons, such as genetics, lifestyle choices, or a combination of factors. Socioeconomic status has been found to be a major factor in the development of multiple chronic diseases. This study aimed to examine the socio- economic factors linked with cardiovascular and musculoskeletal chronic diseases and hypertension using multi-component analysis (MCA). Also, we probed further into the relationship between socioeconomic factors and chronic musculoskeletal diseases (CMDs). In contrast to other similar studies conducted with respect to Canadian seniors, which had used inferential analysis techniques, this study focused on the impact of socioeconomic factors through the use of logistic regression and random forest models. Both models found education level and mental health to be the primary predictors of CMDs in seniors. While education level could be the cause, mental health status can be both a cause and effect, as the diseases’ development might affect seniors’ mental well-being, which can have adverse effects on pre-existing symptoms. Also, lower education levels were found to be a key predictor for all three categories. These findings lead us to recommend policies which: address financial disparities in accessing treatment, support senior immigrants in culturally-aware ways, and encourage mental-wellbeing through counselling and community-building activities.

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