CogSci 2025

•

August 01, 2025

•

San Francisco, United States

keywords:

computer-based experiment

cognitive development

language understanding

machine learning

education

We propose a method for measuring the consistency of ordinal annotations based on a pre-trained embedding vector space. Intuitively, our method finds a direction in the embedding space along which data points align as closely as possible to their annotated ranks. The proposed approach guarantees a globally optimal solution that is free from approximation errors. Thus, it yields a unique consistency measure given a dataset with human-provided ordinal annotations and a pre-trained embedding model. This feature facilitates a wide range of applications, including not only ordinal prediction but also the unsupervised detection of annotation errors within datasets, as well as consistency assessment of stage-based scales (e.g., whether the transitions “beginner to intermediate” and “intermediate to advanced” form linear progressions in the embedding space) during dataset construction. We evaluate our method using real-world datasets with ordinal annotations to demonstrate its effectiveness.

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