Pronouns are unique in discourse, as their meaning depends almost entirely on context. Early theories provided simple accounts of how meaning is determined, but research has revealed complex influences across syntax, semantics, discourse, and pragmatics. Evaluating theories is challenging due to methodological inconsistencies and a focus on English, limiting generalizability. Here, we take a step towards a clear empirical foundation for theory, with a tightly controlled study of comprehension of overt and null pronouns in Turkish. We show that pronoun resolution in Turkish is influenced by verb type, word order, and referential form, though not always in ways predicted by existing theories. Our findings highlight the need for further cross-linguistic research to refine models of pronoun interpretation and better account for the interaction of syntactic and discourse factors.