United States

Sentiment analysis in code-mixed languages, particularly Tamil-English, is a growing challenge in natural language processing (NLP) due to the prevalence of multilingual communities on social media. This paper explores various machine learning and transformer-based models, including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), BERT, and mBERT, for sentiment classification of Tamil-English code-mixed text. The models are evaluated on a shared task dataset provided by DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025, with performance measured through accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Our results demonstrate that transformer-based models, particularly mBERT, outperform traditional classifiers in identifying sentiment polarity. Future work aims to address the challenges posed by code-switching and class imbalance through advanced model architectures and data augmentation techniques.

NAACL 2025

KEC-Elite-Analysts@DravidianLangTech 2025: Deciphering Emotions in Tamil-English and Code-Mixed Social Media Tweets

natural language processing (nlp)

transformer models

machine learning

sentiment analysis

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
**[Continue reading...](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jX-qGhqVSZZCIrAnJaz798pflu5Irrdn/view?usp=sharing)**

*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

workshop paper

As social media has grown, so has online abuse, with women often facing harmful online behavior. This discourages their free participation and expression online. This paper outlines the approach adopted by our team for detecting abusive comments in Tamil and Malayalam. The task focuses on classifying whether a given comment contains abusive language towards women. We experimented with transformer based models by fine-tuning Tamil-BERT for Tamil and Malayalam-BERT for Malayalam. Additionally, we fine-tuned IndicBERT v2 on both Tamil and Malayalam datasets. To evaluate the effect of pre-processing, we also conducted experiments using non-preprocessed text. Results demonstrate that IndicBERT v2 outperformed the language-specific BERT models in both languages. Pre-processing the data showed mixed results, with a slight improvement in the Tamil dataset but no significant benefit for the Malayalam dataset. Our approach secured first place in Tamil with a macro F1-score of 0.7883 and second place in Malayalam with a macro F1-score of 0.7234. The implementation details of the task will be found in the GitHub repository.

CUET_Agile@DravidianLangTech 2025: Fine-tuning Transformers for Detecting Abusive Text Targeting Women from Tamil and Malayalam Texts

Misogynous content on social media, especially in memes, present challenges due to the complex reciprocation of text and images that carry offensive messages. This difficulty mostly arises from the lack of direct alignment between modalities and biases in large-scale visio-linguistic models. In this paper, we present our system for the Shared Task on Misogyny Meme Detection - DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025. We have implemented various unimodal models, such as mBERT and IndicBERT for text data, and ViT, ResNet, and EfficientNet for image data. Moreover, we have tried combining these models and finally adopted a multimodal approach that combined mBERT for text and EfficientNet for image features, both fine-tuned to better interpret subtle language and detailed visuals. The fused features are processed through a dense neural network for classification. Our approach achieved an F1 score of 0.78120, securing 4th place and demonstrating the potential of transformer-based architectures and state-of-the-art CNNs for this task.

CUET-823@DravidianLangTech 2025: Shared Task on Multimodal Misogyny Meme Detection in Tamil Language

Sentiment analysis, the task of identifying subjective opinions or emotional responses, has become increasingly significant with the rise of social media. However, analysing sentiment in Dravidian languages such as Tamil-English and Tulu-English presents unique challenges due to linguistic code-switching (where people tend to mix multiple languages) and non-native scripts. Traditional monolingual sentiment analysis models struggle to address these complexities effectively. This research explores a fine-tuned transformer model based on the XLM-RoBERTa model for sentiment detection. It utilizes the tokenizer from the XLM-RoBERTa model for text preprocessing. Additionally, the performance of the XLM-RoBERTa model was compared with traditional machine learning models such as Logistic Regression (LR) and Random Forest (RF), as well as other transformer-based models like BERT and RoBERTa. This research was based on our work for the Sentiment Analysis in Tamil and Tulu DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025 competition, where we received a macro F1-score of 59% for the Tulu dataset and 49% for the Tamil dataset, placing third in the competition.

Hermes@DravidianLangTech 2025: Sentiment Analysis of Dravidian Languages using XLM-RoBERTa

The increasing prevalence of AI-generated content has raised concerns about the authenticity and reliability of online reviews, particularly in resource-limited languages like Tamil and Malayalam. This paper presents an approach to the Shared Task on Detecting AI-generated Product Reviews in Dravidian Languages at NAACL2025, which focuses on distinguishing AI-generated reviews from human-written ones in Tamil and Malayalam. Several transformer-based models, including IndicBERT, RoBERTa, mBERT, and XLM-R, were evaluated, with language-specific BERT models for Tamil and Malayalam demonstrating the best performance. The chosen methodologies were evaluated using Macro Average F1 score. In the rank list released by the organizers, team SSNTrio, achieved ranks of 3rd and 29th for the Malayalam and Tamil datasets with Macro Average F1 Scores of 0.914 and 0.598 respectively.

SSNTrio@DravidianLangTech 2025: Identification of AI Generated Content in Dravidian Languages using Transformers

This paper presents an approach to sentiment analysis for code-mixed Tamil-English and Tulu-English datasets as part of the DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025 shared task. Sentiment analysis, the process of determining the emotional tone or subjective opinion in text, has become a critical tool in analyzing public sentiment on social media platforms. The approach discussed here uses multilingual BERT (mBERT) fine-tuned on the provided datasets to classify sentiment polarity into various predefined categories: for Tulu, the categories were positive, negative, not_tulu, mixed, and neutral; for Tamil, the categories were positive, negative, unknown, mixed_feelings, and neutral. The mBERT model demonstrates its effectiveness in handling sentiment analysis for codemixed and resource-constrained languages by achieving an F1-score of 0.44 for Tamil, securing the 6th position in the ranklist; and 0.56 for Tulu, ranking 5th in the respective task.

SSNTrio@DravidianLangTech 2025: Sentiment Analysis in Dravidian Languages using Multilingual BERT

The advent and expansion of social media have transformed global communication. Despite its numerous advantages, it has also created an avenue for the rapid spread of fake news, which can impact people's decision-making and judgment. This study explores detecting fake news as part of the DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025 shared task, focusing on two key tasks. The aim of Task 1 is to classify Malayalam social media posts as either original or fake, and Task 2 categorizes Malayalam-language news articles into five levels of truthfulness: False, Half True, Mostly False, Partly False, and Mostly True. We accomplished the tasks using transformer models, e.g., M-BERT and classifiers like Naive Bayes. Our results were promising, with M-BERT achieving the better results. We achieved a macro-F1 score of 0.83 for distinguishing between fake and original content in Task 1 and a score of 0.54 for classifying news articles in Task 2, ranking us 11 and 4, respectively.

NLP_goats@DravidianLangTech 2025: Detecting Fake News in Dravidian Languages: A Text Classification Approach

Social media in the present world is an essential communication platform for information sharing. But their emergence has now led to an increase in the proportion of online abuse, in particular against women in the form of abusive and offensive messages. A reflection of the social inequalities, the importance of detecting abusive language is highlighted by the fact that the usage has a profound psychological and social impact on the victims. This work by DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025 aims at developing an automated abusive content detection system for women directed towards women on the Tamil and Malayalam platforms, two of the Dravidian languages. Based on a dataset of their YouTube comments about sensitive issues, the study uses multilingual BERT (mBERT) to detect abusive comments versus non-abusive ones. We achieved F1 scores of 0.75 in Tamil and 0.68 in Malayalam, placing us 13 and 9 respectively.

NLP_goats@DravidianLangTech 2025: Towards Safer Social Media: Detecting Abusive Language Directed at Women in Dravidian Languages

Misogynistic memes on social media perpetuate gender stereotypes, contribute to harassment, and suppress feminist activism. However, most existing misogyny detection models focus on high-resource languages, leaving a gap in low-resource settings. This work addresses that gap by focusing on misogynistic memes in Tamil and Malayalam, two Dravidian languages with limited resources. We combine computer vision and natural language processing for multi-modal detection, using CLIP embeddings for the vision component and BERT models trained on code-mixed hate speech datasets for the text component. Our results show that this integrated approach effectively captures the unique characteristics of misogynistic memes in these languages, achieving competitive performance with a Macro F1 Score of 0.7800 for the Tamil test set and 0.8748 for the Malayalam test set. These findings highlight the potential of multimodal models and the adaptation of pre-trained models to specific linguistic and cultural contexts, advancing misogyny detection in low-resource settings. Code available at https://github.com/HerWILL-Inc/NAACL-2025

HerWILL@DravidianLangTech 2025: Ensemble Approach for Misogyny Detection in Memes Using Pre-trained Text and Vision Transformers

Fake news detection is a crucial task in combat- ing misinformation, particularly in underrepresented languages such as Malayalam. This paper focuses on detecting fake news in Dravidian languages using two tasks: Social Media Text Classification and News Classification. We employ a fine-tuned multilingual BERT (mBERT) model for classifying a given social media text into original or fake and an LSTM-based architecture for accurately detecting and classifying fake news articles in the Malayalam language into different categories. Extensive preprocessing techniques, such as tokenization and text cleaning, were used to ensure data quality. Our experiments achieved significant accuracy rates and F1- scores. The study’s contributions include applying advanced machine learning techniques to the Malayalam language, addressing the lack of research on low-resource languages, and highlighting the challenges of fake news detection in multilingual and code-mixed environments.

Cognitext@DravidianLangTech2025: Fake News Classification in Malayalam Using mBERT and LSTM

The rise of AI-generated content has introduced challenges in distinguishing machine-generated text from human-written text, particularly in low-resource languages. The identification of artificial intelligence (AI)-based reviews is of significant importance to preserve trust and authenticity on online platforms. The Shared Task on Detecting AI-Generated Product Reviews in Dravidian languages deals with the task of detecting AI-generated and human-written reviews in Tamil and Malayalam. To solve this problem, we specifically fine-tuned mBERT for binary classification. Our system achieved 10th place in Tamil with a macro F1-score of 0.90 and 28th place in Malayalam with a macro F1-score of 0.68, as reported by the NAACL 2025 organizers. The findings demonstrate the complexity involved in the separation of AI-derived text from human-authored writing, with a call for continued advances in detection methods.

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Next from NAACL 2025

CUET_Agile@DravidianLangTech 2025: Fine-tuning Transformers for Detecting Abusive Text Targeting Women from Tamil and Malayalam Texts

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SSNTrio@DravidianLangTech 2025: Sentiment Analysis in Dravidian Languages using Multilingual BERT