United States

This paper presents Temporal-aware Soft Prompt Tuning (TASPT), a novel approach for automatic text dating. Unlike existing methods, which often overlook the evolution of word meanings in texts spanning long periods, TASPT incorporates the unique characteristics of historical texts. It introduces a temporal-aware text representation that dynamically captures both semantic variance and invariance. This representation is combined with a soft prompt, enabling efficient parameter tuning for automatic text dating. Experiments show that TASPT outperforms all existing methods on two diachronic datasets: the Twenty-Four Histories and the Royal Society Corpus.

NAACL 2025

Temporal-Aware Soft Prompt Tuning for Automatic Text Dating

temporal-aware language model

text dating

semantic evaluation

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

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ACL 2025

Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models by incorporating external knowledge, addressing issues like outdated internal knowledge and hallucination. However, their reliance on external knowledge bases makes them vulnerable to corpus poisoning attacks, where adversarial passages can be injected to manipulate retrieval results. Existing methods for crafting such passages, such as random token replacement or training inversion models, are often slow and computationally expensive, requiring either access to retriever's gradients or large computational resources. To address these limitations, we propose Dynamic Importance-Guided Genetic Algorithm (DIGA), an efficient black-box method that leverages two key properties of retrievers: insensitivity to token order and bias towards influential tokens. By focusing on these characteristics, DIGA dynamically adjusts its genetic operations to generate effective adversarial passages with significantly reduced time and memory usage. Our experimental evaluation shows that DIGA achieves superior efficiency and scalability compared to existing methods, while maintaining comparable or better attack success rates across multiple datasets.

Tricking Retrievers with Influential Tokens: An Efficient Black-Box Corpus Poisoning Attack

A query encoder of a dual passage retrieval system can be tuned for specific types of queries or domains, while the precomputed and stored documents representations are kept intact. Switching from one query encoder to another when needed is easily feasible, unlike overhauling the embeddings of a whole knowledge base. In this work we raise a question: Can the generic, original qualities of the encoder be preserved or at least left not too degraded when it is tuned on a narrow domain? We conducted experiments on a high quality multilingual embedding model: Tuning it on a single English-only dataset, we observe that the tuning not only preserves the multilingual qualities, but even improves them. The embedding qualities on distinctly different data are also improved or at least preserved. Drawing on our observations, we suggest a more general hypothesis: Tuning with intentionally low learning rate can preserve or improve a system's properties acquired in training, but not specifically targeted by tuning. We call this *adiabatic tuning* and provide tentative explanations.

Preserving Multilingual Quality While Tuning Query Encoder on English Only

Packing for Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) in autoregressive models involves concatenating data points of varying lengths until reaching the designed maximum length to facilitate GPU processing. However, randomly concatenating data points can lead to cross-contamination of sequences due to the significant difference in their subject matter. The mainstream approaches in SFT ensure that each token in the attention calculation phase only focuses on tokens within its own short sequence, without providing additional learning signals for the preceding context. To address these challenges, we introduce Threshold Filtering Packing (TFP), a method that selects samples with related context while maintaining sufficient diversity within the same pack. Our experiments show that TFP offers a simple-to-implement and scalable approach that significantly enhances SFT performance, with observed improvements of up to 7% on GSM8K, 4% on HumanEval. Furthermore, results from bias benchmark datasets highlight TFP's promising performance in improving fairness while also boosting prediction accuracy by 15%.

Threshold Filtering Packing for Supervised Fine-Tuning: Training Related Samples within Packs

Domain Large Language Models (LLMs) are developed for domain-specific tasks based on general LLMs. But it still requires professional knowledge to facilitate the expertise for some domain-specific tasks. In this paper, we investigate into knowledge-intensive calculation problems. We find that the math problems to be challenging for LLMs, when involving complex domain-specific rules and knowledge documents, rather than simple formulations of terminologies. Therefore, we propose a pipeline to solve the domain-specific calculation problems with Knowledge-Intensive Programs Generator more effectively, named as KIPG. It generates knowledge-intensive programs according to the domain-specific documents. For each query, key variables are extracted, then outcomes which are dependent on domain knowledge are calculated with the programs. By iterative preference alignment, the code generator learns to improve the logic consistency with the domain knowledge. Taking legal domain as an example, we have conducted experiments to prove the effectiveness of our pipeline, and extensive analysis on the modules. We also find that the code generator is also adaptable to other domains, without training on the new knowledge.

Learning to Solve Domain-Specific Calculation Problems with Knowledge-Intensive Programs Generator

Knowledge editing has become a promising approach for efficiently and precisely updating knowledge embedded in large language models (LLMs). In this work, we focus on Same-Subject Editing, which involves modifying multiple attributes of a single entity to ensure comprehensive and consistent updates to entity-centric knowledge. Through preliminary observation, we identify
a significant challenge: Current state-of-the-art editing methods struggle when tasked with editing multiple related knowledge pieces for the same subject. To address the lack of relevant editing data for identical subjects in traditional benchmarks, we introduce the S2RKE (Same-subject Related Knowledge Editing) benchmark. Our extensive experiments reveal that only mainstream ocate-then-edit methods, such as ROME and MEMIT, exhibit ”related knowledge perturbation,” where subsequent edits interfere with earlier ones. Further analysis reveals that these methods over-rely on subject information, neglecting other critical factors, resulting in reduced editing effectiveness.

Related Knowledge Perturbation Matters: Rethinking Multiple Pieces of Knowledge Editing in Same-Subject

Despite the recent efforts from the NLP community, balancing the training budget, downstream performance, and general capabilities of large language models (LLM) remains a challenge in many applications. Training the entire model for downstream tasks is expensive, and could easily result in catastrophic forgetting. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) could reduce the training cost, but it still suffers from forgetting, and limits the learning on the downstream tasks. To address the aforementioned issues, we propose a novel mixture of expert (MoE) framework based on Soft LoRA and Identity Mixture (SLIM). SLIM allows dynamic routing between LoRA adapters and identity layers, thus enabling the bypass of LoRA adapters to suppress forgetting of general capacity. We adopt weight yielding with sliding clustering for better out-of-domain distinguish to enhance the routing. We also convert the mixture of LoRA adapters to the model merging formulation and introduce dynamic merging with its fast implementation for LoRA adapters to keep the general capabilities. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed SLIM is comparable to the state-of-the-art PEFT approaches on the downstream tasks while achieving the leading performance in mitigating catastrophic forgetting. We plan to open-source the code upon publication.

SLIM: Let LLM Learn More and Forget Less with Soft LoRA and Identity Mixture

Efficient finetuning of large language models (LLMs) aims to adapt the LLMs with reduced computational and memory costs. Previous LoRA-based approaches initialize the low-rank matrices with Gaussian distribution and zero values while keeping the original weight matrices frozen. However, the trainable model parameters optimized in an unguided subspace might interfere with the well-learned subspace of the pretrained weight matrices. In this paper, we propose MiLoRA, a simple yet effective LLM finetuning approach that only updates the minor singular components of the weight matrix while keeping the principal singular components frozen. It is observed that the minor matrix corresponds to the noisy or long-tail information, while the principal matrix contains important knowledge. The MiLoRA initializes the low-rank matrices within a subspace that is orthogonal to the principal matrix, thus the pretrained knowledge is expected to be well preserved. During finetuning, MiLoRA makes the most use of the less-optimized subspace for learning the labeled dataset. Extensive experiments on commonsense reasoning, math reasoning, instruction following and visual instruction following benchmarks present the superior performance of our method.

MiLoRA: Harnessing Minor Singular Components for Parameter-Efficient LLM Finetuning

The Dialogue Topic Segmentation task aims to divide a dialogue into different topic paragraphs in order to better understand the structure and content of the dialogue. Due to the short sentences, serious references and non-standard language in the dialogue, it is difficult to determine the boundaries of the topic. Although the unsupervised approaches based on LLMs performs well, it is still difficult to surpass the supervised methods based on classical models in specific domains. To this end, this paper proposes UPS (Utterance Pair Segment), a dialogue topic segmentation method based on utterance pair relationship modeling, unifying the supervised and unsupervised network architectures. For supervised pre-training, the model predicts the adjacency and topic affiliation of utterances in dialogues. For unsupervised pre-training, the dialogue-level and utterance-level relationship prediction tasks are used to train the model. The pre-training and fine-tuning strategies are carried out in different scenarios, such as supervised, few-shot, and unsupervised data. By adding a domain adapter and a task adapter to the Transformer, the model learns in the pre-training and fine-tuning stages, respectively, which significantly improves the segmentation effect. As the result, the proposed method has achieved the best results on multiple benchmark datasets across various scenarios.

A Unified Supervised and Unsupervised Dialogue Topic Segmentation Framework Based on Utterance Pair Modeling

The increasing demand for efficient summarization tools in resource-constrained environments highlights the need for effective solutions. While large language models (LLMs) deliver superior summarization quality, their high computational resource requirements limit practical use applications. In contrast, small language models (SLMs) present a more accessible alternative, capable of real-time summarization on edge devices. However, their summarization capabilities and comparative performance against LLMs remain underexplored. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive evaluation of 19 SLMs for news summarization across 2,000 news samples, focusing on relevance, coherence, factual consistency, and summary length. Our findings reveal significant variations in SLM performance, with top-performing models such as Phi3-Mini and Llama3.2-3B-Ins achieving results comparable to those of 70B LLMs while generating more concise summaries. Notably, SLMs are better suited for simple prompts, as overly complex prompts may lead to a decline in summary quality. Additionally, our analysis indicates that instruction tuning does not consistently enhance the news summarization capabilities of SLMs. This research not only contributes to the understanding of SLMs but also provides practical insights for researchers seeking efficient summarization solutions that balance performance and resource use.

Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performance

The fine-tuning of pre-trained language models has resulted in the widespread availability of task-specific models. Model merging offers an efficient way to create multi-task models by combining these fine-tuned models at the parameter level, without the need for training data or joint training on multiple datasets. Existing merging approaches typically involve scaling the parameters model-wise or integrating parameter importance parameter-wise. Both approaches exhibit their own weaknesses, leading to a notable performance gap compared to multi-task fine-tuning. In this paper, we unify these seemingly distinct strategies into a more general merging framework, and introduce Dynamic Fisher-weighted Merging (DF-Merge). Specifically, candidate models are associated with a set of coefficients that linearly scale their fine-tuned parameters. Bayesian optimization is applied to dynamically adjust these coefficients, aiming to maximize overall performance on validation sets. Each iteration of this process integrates parameter importance based on the Fisher information conditioned by the coefficients. Experimental results show that DF-Merge outperforms strong baselines across models of different sizes and a variety of tasks. Our analysis shows that the effectiveness of DF-Merge arises from the unified view of merging and that near-optimal performance is achievable in a few iterations, even with minimal validation data.

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