United States

Predicting how long a patient is going to stay in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is considered an important problem for hospital administrators. While a number of studies have deployed classification models that use structured clinical variables, recent advances in language models have opened up the possibilities of using unstructured text data like nursing notes, discharge summaries etc. for ICU length-of-stay(LoS) prediction. In this paper, we propose a technique that analyses nursing notes to predict the remaining length of stay of a patient in the ICU. We propose a joint model of latent note categorization for the prediction. This latent categorization allows the model to identify high-level health contexts that influence patterns of disease severity for a patient. We evaluate the performance of our model on the openly available MIMIC-III dataset. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms competitive baselines.

NAACL 2025

Predicting ICU Length of Stay for Patients using Latent Categorization of Health Conditions

latent categorization

icu length of stay

entity extraction

classification

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### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

With the rise of online retail, customer reviews have become a critical factor in shaping purchasing decisions. The sheer volume of customer reviews being generated continuously presents a challenge for consumers who must sift through an overwhelming amount of feedback. To address this issue, we introduce RevieWeaver, a novel framework that extracts key product features and provides concise review summaries. Our innovative approach not only scales efficiently to 30 million reviews but also ensures reproducibility and controllability. Moreover, it delivers unbiased and reliable assessments of products that accurately reflect the input reviews.

RevieWeaver: Weaving Together Review Insights by Leveraging LLMs and Semantic Similarity

Existing zero-shot product attribute value (aspect) extraction approaches in e-Commerce industry rely on uni-modal or multi-modal models, where the sellers are asked to provide detailed textual inputs (product descriptions) for the products. However, manually providing (typing) the product descriptions is time-consuming and frustrating for the sellers. Thus, we propose a cross-modal zero-shot attribute value generation framework (ViOC-AG) based on CLIP, which only requires product images as the inputs. ViOC-AG follows a text-only training process, where a task-customized text decoder is trained with the frozen CLIP text encoder to alleviate the modality gap and task disconnection. During the zero-shot inference, product aspects are generated by the frozen CLIP image encoder connected with the trained task-customized text decoder. OCR tokens and outputs from a frozen prompt-based LLM correct the decoded outputs for out-of-domain attribute values. Experiments show that ViOC-AG significantly outperforms other fine-tuned vision-language models for zero-shot attribute value extraction.

Visual Zero-Shot E-Commerce Product Attribute Value Extraction

Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single metric per dataset, often representing the model's best-case performance under carefully selected settings. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks model robustness and reliability in real-world applications. For instance, simple paraphrasing of prompts on the MMLU-Pro dataset causes accuracy fluctuations of up to 10%, while reordering answer choices in the AGIEval dataset results in accuracy differences of up to 6.1%. While some studies discuss issues with LLM robustness, there is no unified or centralized framework for evaluating the robustness of language models. To address this gap and consolidate existing research on model robustness, we present SCORE (**S**ystematic **CO**nsistency and **R**obustness **E**valuation), a comprehensive framework for non-adversarial evaluation of LLMs. The SCORE framework evaluates models by repeatedly testing them on the same benchmarks in various setups to give a realistic estimate of their accuracy and consistency. 
We will make the code publicly available to facilitate further development and research.

SCORE: Systematic COnsistency and Robustness Evaluation for Large Language Models

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a greater challenge of having a rigorous and systematic evaluation of complex tasks performed, especially in enterprise applications. Therefore, LLMs need to be benchmarked with enterprise datasets for a variety of NLP tasks. This work explores benchmarking strategies focused on LLM evaluation, with a specific emphasis on both English and Japanese. The proposed evaluation framework encompasses 25 publicly available domain-specific English benchmarks from diverse enterprise domains like financial services, legal, climate, cyber security, and 2 public Japanese finance benchmarks. The diverse performance of 8 models across different enterprise tasks highlights the importance of selecting the right model based on the specific requirements of each task. Code and prompts are available on GitHub.

Evaluating Large Language Models with Enterprise Benchmarks

Self-attention has revolutionized natural language processing by capturing long-range dependencies and improving context understanding. However, it comes with high computational costs and struggles with sequential data's inherent directionality. This paper investigates and presents a simplified approach called "shared weight self-attention," where a single weight matrix is used for Keys, Queries, and Values instead of separate matrices for each. This approach cuts training parameters by more than half and significantly reduces training time. Our method not only improves efficiency but also achieves strong performance on tasks from the GLUE benchmark, even outperforming the standard BERT baseline in handling noisy and out-of-domain data. Experimental results show a 66.53% reduction in parameter size within the attention block and competitive accuracy improvements of 3.81% and 1.06% over symmetric and pairwise attention-based BERT models, respectively. The source code will be publicly available.

Does Self-Attention Need Separate Weights in Transformers?

Advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have the potential to transform HR processes, from recruitment to employee management. While recent breakthroughs in NLP have generated significant interest in its industrial applications, a comprehensive overview of how NLP can be applied across HR activities is still lacking. This paper discovers opportunities for NLP researchers and HR practitioners to harness NLP’s transformative potential in this domain. We analyze key tasks such as information extraction and text classification, and their roles in enabling core applications such as recommendation and language generation. We also identify gaps in current research and suggest holistic approaches, stressing the importance of realistic datasets to drive progress.

Natural Language Processing for Human Resources: A Survey

Enterprise customers are increasingly adopting language models for critical communication tasks, such as drafting emails, crafting sales pitches, and composing casual messages. Deploying such models across different regions requires them to understand diverse cultural and linguistic contexts and to generate safe and respectful responses. For enterprise applications, it is crucial to mitigate reputational risks, maintain trust, and ensure compliance by effectively identifying and handling unsafe or offensive language. To address this, we develop SweEval, a benchmark simulating real-world scenarios with variations in tone (positive or negative) and context (formal or informal). The prompts explicitly instruct the model to include specific swear words while completing the task. This benchmark evaluates whether LLMs comply with or resist such inappropriate instructions and assesses their alignment with ethical frameworks, cultural nuances, and language comprehension capabilities. In order to advance research in building ethically aligned AI systems for enterprise use and beyond, we will open-source this dataset upon acceptance.

SweEval: Do LLMs Really Swear? A Benchmark for Testing Limits for Enterprise Use

The retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technique enables generative AI models to extract accurate facts from external unstructured data sources. For structured data, RAG is further augmented by function calls to query databases. This paper presents an industrial case study that implements RAG in a large financial institution's call center. The study showcases experiences and architecture for a scalable RAG deployment. It also introduces enhancements to RAG for retrieving facts from structured data sources using data embeddings, achieving low latency and high reliability. Our optimized production application demonstrates an average response time of only 7.33 seconds. Additionally, the paper compares various open-source and closed-source models for answer generation in an industrial context.

Implementing Retrieval Augmented Generation Technique on Unstructured and Structured Data Sources in a Call Center of a Large Financial Institution

Language localization is the adaptation of written content to different linguistic and cultural contexts. Ability to localize written content is crucial for global businesses to provide consistent and reliable customer experience across diverse markets. Traditional methods have approached localization as an application of machine translation (MT), but localization requires more than linguistic conversion – content needs to align with the target audience's cultural norms, linguistic nuances, and technical requirements. This difference is prominent for long-form text, where multiple facts are present in a creative choice of language. We propose a novel prompt approach for Large Languages Models (LLMs), called Break-Ideate-Generate (BrIdGe), for language localization. BrIdGe 'breaks' the source content into granular facts, 'ideates' an action plan for content creation in the target language by organizing the granular facts, and finally executes the plan to 'generate' localized content. This approach emulates the cognitive processes humans employ in writing that begin with identifying important points, followed by brainstorming on how to structure and organize the output. We evaluated the BrIdGe methodology from multiple perspectives, including impact of BrIdGe prompt on different LLMs and performance comparisons with traditional MT models and direct translation through LLMs on public benchmark and proprietary e-commerce datasets. Through human and LLM-based automated evaluations across content in multiple languages, we demonstrate effectiveness of BrIdGe in generating fluent localized content while preserving factual consistency between source and target languages.

Break-Ideate-Generate (BrIdGe): Moving beyond Translations for Localization using LLMs

Hand-crafting high quality prompts to optimize the performance of language models is a complicated and labor-intensive process. Furthermore, when migrating to newer, smaller, or weaker models (possibly due to latency or cost gains), prompts need to be updated to re-optimize the task performance. We propose Concept Distillation (CD), an automatic prompt optimization technique for enhancing weaker models on complex tasks. CD involves: (1) collecting mistakes made by weak models with a base prompt (initialization), (2) using a strong model to generate reasons for these mistakes and create rules/concepts for weak models (induction), and (3) filtering these rules based on validation set performance and integrating them into the base prompt (deduction/verification). We evaluated CD on NL2Code and mathematical reasoning tasks, observing significant performance boosts for small and weaker language models. Notably, Mistral-7B's accuracy on Multi-Arith increased by 20%, and Phi-3-mini-3.8B's accuracy on HumanEval rose by 34%. Compared to other automated methods, CD offers an effective, cost-efficient strategy for improving weak models' performance on complex tasks and enables seamless workload migration across different language models without compromising performance.

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RevieWeaver: Weaving Together Review Insights by Leveraging LLMs and Semantic Similarity

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