United States

Ultrafast laser surface structuring presents a compelling avenue for finely tuning material surface properties, such as coloration, wettability, tribological properties, etc. While nanoripples, the conventional laser-induced periodic surface structures, offer control over surface coloration, their effectiveness is limited to a narrow viewing angle. Addressing this limitation requires the development of techniques for generating alternative surface structures like nanobumps. Current methods for generating nanobumps, such as the double-pulse technique, are characterized by their complexity and high costs, posing significant challenges to widespread implementation. In this investigation, we introduce a novel approach for creating periodic nanobump structures through a straightforward double-scan method. This method involves subjecting the same surface to two consecutive laser scans with differing polarization directions.

Our study delves into the formation dynamics of these intriguing nanostructures, exploring the influence of laser parameters such as peak fluence, overlapping ratio, and polarization angle between scans. We propose and validate a formation mechanism to elucidate the observed phenomena. The resultant nanobump structures exhibit superior optical characteristics compared to nanoripples, particularly in terms of enhanced visibility across multiple viewing angles. By broadening the scope of achievable surface structures, our findings significantly expand the potential applications of ultrafast laser surface structuring. This research not only advances our understanding of laser-material interactions but also paves the way for the development of innovative surface engineering strategies with implications across diverse fields.

ICALEO 2024

A Double-Scan Technique for Femtosecond Laser-Induced Nanobumps

double-scan

surface coloration

ultrafast laser surface structuring

polarization

**General Chair Welcome**

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/d6e6dddc08bf2371b9136ea9c18dc5ab.png)              

Welcome to ICALEO® 2023!
	
We were excited to host the world’s leading international conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics in Chicago. The Laser has been shown to have the potential to revolutionize solutions for major global challenges like energy usage and supply, global warming, and CO2 footprint. Even the fusion energy breakthrough is based on laser technology. The conference, with peer-reviewed scientific and technical presentations, focused on the newest results in Micro Applications, Macro Applications, Additive Manufacturing, Beam Shaping and Frontiers in Laser Applications. Additionally, the Battery-Manufacturing Track gave an overview of the process combined with the newest advances in laser application results. 

The Business Session brought the business aspect and environment of the laser to the audience and the possibility to discuss with seasoned industry leaders from around the world. 

Whether this is the first time you are hearing about ICALEO or you are a longtime attendee, you will find something of interest, new ideas, and an excellent opportunity to network with other laser specialists worldwide. 

**Klaus Löffler **  
ICALEO General Chair   
Managing Director, Precitec GmbH

**What is ICALEO?**

ICALEO® brings together the brightest minds, seasoned professionals, and pioneering researchers from around the world. With a laser-focused agenda, ICALEO offers an exceptional platform to delve into the cutting-edge advancements, diverse applications, and transformative research that define lasers and electro-optics.

Participants will be immersed in a dynamic environment that fosters collaborative learning, networking, and idea exchange. Through engaging plenary presentations, technical sessions, an industry business panel, and networking events, attendees gain insights into the forefront of laser technology. From industrial applications to medical breakthroughs, additive manufacturing to materials processing, ICALEO covers the entire spectrum of laser-related disciplines. Moreover, the event serves as a launching pad for synergistic partnerships, paving the way for professionals to forge connections that shape the future of our industry.

Join us in Chicago and be part of an unparalleled gathering that challenges the boundaries of possibility within lasers and electro-optics. As we convene to share knowledge, explore innovations, and cultivate collaborations, ICALEO stands as a pivotal force driving the evolution of this transformative technology.

**Who attended?**

ICALEO is tailor-made for professionals, researchers, academics, and enthusiasts who are deeply passionate about the world of lasers and electro-optics. If you're an industry trailblazer, an academic luminary, an aspiring expert, or a postgraduate student looking to dive into the latest developments and trends, this is an event you won't want to miss.

Industrial leaders seeking to stay ahead of the curve in their fields, engineers working on laser applications, and manufacturing experts interested in additive manufacturing and materials processing will find ICALEO to be an invaluable platform. Researchers and scientists exploring the forefront of laser technology, from fundamental principles to groundbreaking applications, will also discover a wealth of knowledge and networking opportunities.

Medical professionals investigating laser-based medical advancements, entrepreneurs seeking to innovate with lasers, educators aiming to stay updated with the latest in laser education, and policy makers shaping the industry's landscape are all essential attendees. Whether you're an established expert or a rising star, the 42nd annual ICALEO promises to offer a diverse ecosystem of expertise, connections, and knowledge sharing that caters to the laser and electro-optics communities.

**Fields Represented:**

* Entrepreneurs and Innovators
* Manufacturing Experts
* Students and Graduates
* Policy Makers and Regulators
* Consultants and Advisors
* Technology Enthusiasts
* Suppliers and Manufacturers
* Startups and Innovators
* Researchers in Laser Education

**[View All Proceedings Here](https://icaleo.conferencespot.org/event-data)**

### **Program Tracks & Chairs**

To access the site please register [**here**](https://icaleo.org/attend). 

Please register for the ICALEO 2023 Conference to join the event.

ICALEO 2023

ICALEO® brings together the brightest minds, seasoned professionals, and pioneering researchers from around the world. With a laser-focused agenda, ICALEO offers an exceptional platform to delve into the cutting-edge advancements, diverse applications, and transformative research that define lasers and electro-optics.

technical paper

  #### Welcome to the 43rd annual ICALEO!

Attention laser enthusiasts, innovators, and industry leaders! Get ready to immerse yourself in the exciting world of lasers at the 43rd annual ICALEO conference. This year, we gathered in the iconic city of Hollywood, California, for cutting-edge technology, groundbreaking presentations, and unparalleled networking opportunities.
Whether you're a seasoned professional or new to the field of photonics, the 43rd annual ICALEO had something for everyone. 

#### General Chair Welcome Message

It is with immense joy and anticipation that I extend a warm welcome to each and every one of you as the General Chair of this year's ICALEO conference.

This year, we find ourselves in the iconic setting of Hollywood, serving as a fitting backdrop for the extraordinary developments in laser technology and applications unfolding in our community.

Our main sessions cover a diverse range of topics, from the intricacies of micro and nano processing to the transformative power of laser additive manufacturing. We will explore the frontiers of battery technology, delve into the intricate world of artificial intelligence, and witness the seamless integration of lasers into these realms.

For those joining us for the first time, we extend an especially heartfelt welcome. ICALEO is not just a conference; it's a convergence of minds, ideas, and innovations. Beyond the formal sessions, I encourage you to engage in informal exchanges. The spirit of discovery and camaraderie is as much a part of the ICALEO experience as the scheduled sessions.

Thank you for being a part of ICALEO 2024. Whether you are a returning participant or a first-time attendee, your presence adds immeasurable value to our vibrant community. May this conference be, this year again, a catalyst for inspiration, collaboration, and breakthroughs that will resonate in our community and beyond.

Eric Mottay<br>
Congress General Chair, ICALEO 2024


#### About LIA

The Laser Institute of America (LIA) is the professional society for laser applications and safety. Our mission is to foster lasers, laser applications, and laser safety worldwide. Serving the industrial, medical, research and government communities for over 50 years, LIA offers technical information, training and networking opportunities to laser users
from around the globe.

#### About LIA Conferences

The conferences of the Laser Institute of America are the town square of the laser community. A large and diverse group, laser professionals often find themselves disconnected from each other. LIA conferences, however, bring the university researcher, the business executive and the production floor user together under one roof for a unique and
rewarding networking opportunity.

#### Program Tracks
Below is the list of all tracks that were on ICALEO 2024 Conference.

##### Laser Additive Manufacturing
* The Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) track is a forum to explore the latest innovations and research in laser-based additive manufacturing (LAM). The Laser Additive Manufacturing track focuses on diverse topics, including laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB), directed energy deposition (DED), and other emerging techniques revolutionizing modern manufacturing processes. From materials science to process optimization, from design innovation to industrial implementation, this track connects researchers, engineers, and industry leaders to exchange insights and share breakthroughs in laser additive manufacturing.

##### Laser Materials Macroprocessing
* The Macroprocessing track comprises some of the most productive laser processing applications. Although these applications have been broadly adopted, researchers and industry are persistently innovating to provide new techniques and novel technologies to advance macro materials processing. The attendees will share and discuss those exciting achievements of their research with peers in these macroscopic specialized sessions.

##### Laser Materials Microprocessing
* The Microprocessing track will consist of papers and talks featuring a wide spectrum of applications and innovative equipment for materials processing in microscales with a strong focus on processes with Short and Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers. The presentations will introduce the latest and greatest advancements in their respective fields, presented by world-leading companies and research organizations. This year we will have talks around the headlines of “Beam shaping”, “Glass”, “Surface processing” and “Drilling” between other topics.

##### Frontiers in Laser Applications
* The Frontier in Laser Applications (FLA) track explores recent, cutting-edge applications of lasers, highlighting innovation at the transition of research and industry. The track has included presentations from a variety of fields: Novel 3-D Printing, Advanced Manufacturing, Laser Manufactured Devices, and Frontiers in Laser Processing. The sessions under the Frontier in Laser Application track promise to bring diverse and unique perspectives from real-world applications across laser manufacturing.

##### Laser in Battery Manufacturing
* Electrification is crucial to address global environmental challenges. The laser plays a key role in most manufacturing steps in battery production with all possible laser applications from ablation, structuring, welding, cutting, and marking. Further improvements in the batteries’ power densities, fast charging properties, and yield in battery production are related to photonics and, thus, lasers. We will hear and discuss the latest developments in research, development, and industrial applications. Join us for this year’s Battery Track.

##### Artifical Intelligence in Laser Processing
* The track ‘Artificial Intelligence in Laser Processing’ at ICALEO 2024 explores the fusion of AI and laser manufacturing. Discover cutting-edge research on optimizing laser processes and enhancing manufacturing efficiency. Explore AI’s diverse applications in parameter optimization, quality prediction, real-time process monitoring, and control. Join us to unlock the potential of AI-driven solutions revolutionizing laser materials processing, delivering unprecedented precision, productivity, and innovation.
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Attention laser enthusiasts, innovators, and industry leaders! Get ready to immerse yourself in the exciting world of lasers at the 43rd annual ICALEO conference. 

Sustainable and cost-effective long-term archival storage remains an unsolved problem.  The most widely used enterprise storage technologies today are magnetic (hard disk drives and tape). They use media that degrades over time and have a limited lifetime, which leads to inefficient, wasteful, and costly solutions for long-lived data. This talk presents Silica: an archival digital data storage solution, designed starting from application of laser material processing, through multiple layers of abstraction, to address the needs of the modern archival workload.  Silica can support a wide range of archival storage workloads and ushers in a new era of sustainable, cost-effective storage.

Project Silica: Application of Laser Material Processing to Archival Storage

Throughout Greg’s 30-plus year career in lasers he has continually seen how this amazing technology has overcome tremendous obstacles to revolutionize applications and industries. He will share from his personal experiences several encouraging and fun examples that will leave you feeling that lasers really are the star of the show!

“Lights, Camera, Laser Action!”

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the production of high-performance components, particularly in industries like motorsport and aerospace. This study investigates the mechanical properties of AM-produced AlSi10Mg and introduces a novel Al2024-RAM2C alloy, designed to elevate the performance benchmarks of AM aluminum alloys in demanding environments. The Al2024-RAM2C alloy, formulated with patented RAM additions, showcases a suite of superior characteristics, including high tensile strength and enhanced fatigue resistance. However, the integration of this innovative alloy with AM processes necessitated meticulous parameter optimization efforts. Through comprehensive testing methodologies, the mechanical strength, impact toughness, and fatigue resistance in both axial and flexural bending loading of both AlSi10Mg and Al2024-RAM2C were carefully evaluated and further analyzed through FE-SEM microscopy. Results from these analyses revealed that while Al2024-RAM2C exhibited higher fatigue limits in axial loading and superior tensile strength, its impact toughness was significantly lower than that of AlSi10Mg. This comparative study clarifies the inherent strengths and limitations of the Al2024-RAM2C alloy relative to AlSi10Mg. The findings provide valuable insights into the performance characteristics of these materials, which can inform future developments in material design and manufacturing processes. This research contributes to the broader understanding of AM-enabled materials and their potential applications in producing lightweight, high-performance components for various industries.

Advanced Additive Manufacturing: Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg and Al2024-RAM2C

Ultra-short pulse laser machining has emerged as a transformative technology across various industries, including medical device fabrication, electronics manufacturing, and precision glass machining. With each technological leap in laser power, new industrial applications have become feasible. Yet, as the industry approaches the threshold of high-power ultra-short pulse lasers, such as kilowatt-scale femtosecond systems for advanced R&D, the challenge shifts from merely harnessing this power to utilizing it intelligently without sacrificing machining quality. This is crucial as many users currently underutilize their systems' capabilities due to quality degradation at higher power settings.

This presentation addresses the utilization of Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) technology to optimize and expand the capabilities of ultra-short pulse laser systems. MPLC technology, notable for its entirely reflective design, ensures durability under high power and enhances process efficiency. Its mode-cleaning feature provides stable and robust beam shaping, which is less susceptible to laser and environmental variations, making it ideal for precision applications. Additionally, MPLC allows for intricate, high-quality beam shaping with an extensive depth of field, significantly easing integration into existing systems.

We will discuss the application of MPLC in combining beam shaping with splitting functionalities, highlighting the flexibility of this approach. Specific adaptations, such as adjustable beam division pitch, shape alterations, and rotation capabilities, will be showcased alongside their impact on the quality of micro-machining processes, particularly in surface texturing. The results underscore substantial improvements in both the quality and throughput of machining processes.

Advancing Ultra-Short Pulse Laser Machining with MPLC Technology: Enhancing Micro-Processing Capabilities

Laser metal deposition (LMD) is already established in industry for cladding and additive manufacturing in various fields. This presentation is designed to provide a comprehensive examination of laser cladding and additive manufacturing, two critical methodologies in the field of advanced manufacturing. The primary objective is to juxtapose the utilization of wire and powder as feedstock materials in these processes.

Initially, we will explain the fundamental principles, applications, and advantages of laser cladding and additive manufacturing with multi kW diode lasers in the visible and near infrared spectrum. This foundational knowledge will facilitate a thorough investigation of the wire-fed and powder-fed techniques, underscoring their respective merits and challenges.

Subsequently, the presentation will delve into the material properties, process parameters, and performance characteristics pertinent to each technique. We will analyze the impact of these variables on the quality of the final product, encompassing facets such as surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and mechanical properties.

Through a series of case studies, we will demonstrate the practical implications of selecting wire or powder as well as the proper laser source with optical combination in diverse manufacturing scenarios. The presentation will culminate with a discourse on the future trends in laser cladding and additive manufacturing, emphasizing the potential of these techniques in revolutionizing the manufacturing industry.

This presentation invites attendees to explore this captivating domain illuminating the crucial role of wire and powder techniques in shaping the future of manufacturing and empowering them with the knowledge to make informed equipment decisions

An In-depth Comparative Analysis of Wire and Powder Techniques in Laser Cladding and Additive Manufacturing

Simultaneous Machining and Coating (SMaC) is a novel hybrid technology developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT that combines additive manufacturing through Extreme High-speed Laser Material Deposition (EHLA) with a simultaneously engaged turning process. In the present work, the parallelization of the two sub-processes is successfully demonstrated. For the first time, systematic investigations into the influence of residual heat from the deposition process on the machining process, respectively the properties of the resulting coating are conducted. The study specifically examines geometric deviations, surface roughness, and tool wear. One of the main parameters affecting the residual heat introduced into the turning process, is the distance between the tool center points of the EHLA deposition head and the turning tool Δz. This parameter is identified as a primary factor influencing the dimensional accuracy of the coating geometry. The results show that SMaC not only offers potential for increasing the productivity of the process chain, but also has a positive effect on the service life of the cutting tools involved, potentially improving the workability of hard coating materials. Improvements in terms of the attainable surface roughness are also observed. The investigations provide a basis for research into further aspects of the SMaC process, such as adaptive tool path control methods to enhance dimensional accuracy and the influence of induced compressive stresses on processing highly brittle coating materials.

Fundamentals of Simultaneous Machining and Coating (SMaC) through Combination of Extreme High-speed Laser Material Deposition (EHLA) and Turning

As electric car age, BEV batteries are increasingly being disassembled at EOL of battery cells. In general, it can be stated that their design has not considered the disassembly of batteries in the best possible way, thinking about secondary use or efficient recycling. This paper has collected tested methods found in the literature or laser processes in use for dismantling battery packs, especially for the second life use of battery cells. The research has created a concept for the Metaverse environment, where the safety aspects that can be achieved in laser processing could be studied when the system is controlled by remote control. In addition, a case has been presented as an example of the suitability of laser brazing in a collaborative robot and handheld laser process for automatic production. The experiment uses aluminum printed battery cell components and sheet metal busbar parts to demonstrate the electrical and mechanical properties of the joint. The disassembly of busbar parts was demonstrated in the Metaverse environment using the laser machining method, which automatically disassembles the connection using the Metaverse environment, especially considering laser safety. In the study, functional solutions have been sought from the point of view of automatic disassembly of the laser brazing joint by using the Metaverse environment.

Review of Current State of Technologies Enabling Circular Economy in Vehicle Batteries and a Role of Laser Processing and Remote Operation via Metaverse

The structuring of lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes and the diffusion media (DM) for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with ultrashort laser pulses enables improved performance characteristics of both technologies. However, the transfer of the approaches from a laboratory scale to a commercial use has previously been hindered by the low average output power of ultrashort-pulsed (USP) laser beam sources and the limited productivity of single beam structuring using scanning optics. Recent advancements in the development of USP laser systems have led to a steady increase in the available output power, thereby enabling new fields of applications. This study aims at accelerating the USP laser structuring of LIB electrodes and DM for PEMFCs to industrially relevant processing rates by comparing a single-beam with a multi-beam structuring process regarding ablation characteristics and quality. For the multi-beam strategy, the shape of the laser beam was modified by a spatial light modulator (SLM). In addition to micro-holes, the insertion of micro-channels was investigated to demonstrate the high flexibility of state-of-the-art SLMs. The geometry of the created structures was measured with a laser scanning microscope, and the different layers were tested for their geometrical and electrochemical properties to compare both technologies. The results confirmed that applying an SLM enables high-quality microstructures with significantly higher structuring rates. Furthermore, this contribution includes a theoretical analysis of the specifications required for a laser setup to reach an industrially relevant productivity of the structuring processes.

Scaling of Ultrashort-Pulsed Laser Structuring Processes for Electromobility Applications Using a Spatial Light Modulator

In recent years, there has been an increased demand for elaborate monitoring techniques in laser material processing. This has been driven by the need for fast and cost-efficient quality assurance processes. At the same time, the use of ultrashort-pulsed (USP) laser radiation has emerged as a promising technology for creating intricate microstructures in graphite anodes due to their high precision and the negligible thermal impact. However, the integration of process monitoring in USP applications for graphite anode structuring is still underexplored. There is a lack of clarity on suitable sensors, observable parameters, and extractable process-relevant insights. This study addresses this gap by demonstrating the efficacy of state-of-the-art photodiode-based monitoring systems in collecting process-relevant data and deriving valuable insights from the process. As an application case, the laser structuring of lithium battery electrodes, consisting of a porous, graphite-based, and multi-material system was selected. A sensor equipped with three photodiodes was employed to address these challenges. Exploratory data analysis techniques and machine learning methodologies were leveraged to develop a data pipeline for processing the acquired information. The data was used to train convolutional neural networks which were able to predicting the focal position with high accuracy. At the same time, the limitations of traditional regression approaches could be shown. The findings advance the understanding of the possibilities of process monitoring in USP laser applications and emphasize the significance of data-driven approaches in optimizing manufacturing processes.

Photodiode-Based Focus Monitoring in Ultrashort-Pulsed Laser Structuring of Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The artificial intelligence approach in the monitoring of laser welding is widely studied to ensure the good weld quality. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN)-based monitoring framework for weld shape prediction was established. This weld shape prediction model takes an optical signal as its input and generates a weld shape image as its output. Optical signals were acquired using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES). For the training of prediction model, this acquired optical signal was preprocessed using three methods: principal component analysis (PCA), spectral feature extraction (SFE), and relative intensity calculation (RIC). The weld shape image used for model training was generated by obtaining an eigen-image using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Supervised learning was used, and the generated images were labeled with optical signals according to the process conditions. Model evaluation was performed by comparing the weld area in the eigen-images with the one in predicted images. The two weld images were completely overlapped using feature points (e.g., top surface or tip of welds), and then, image accuracy was quantitatively determined by dividing the intersection area of these images by their union area. The weld shape predicted by the DNN model showed the accuracy of ~90% for all input data types.

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