United States

In this paper we perform a novel in-depth evaluation of text-only and multimodal LLMs&#39; abilities to reason about object *habitats* or conditions on how objects are situated in their environments that affect the types of behaviors (or *affordances*) that can be enacted upon them. We present a novel curated multimodal dataset of questions about object habitats and affordances, which are formally grounded in the underlying lexical semantics literature, with multiple images from various sources that depict the scenario described in the question. We evaluate 16 text-only and multimodal LLMs on this challenging data. Our findings indicate that while certain LLMs can perform reasonably well on reasoning about affordances, there appears to be a consistent low upper bound on habitat-centered reasoning performance. We discuss how the formal semantics of habitats in fact predicts this behavior and propose this as a challenge to the community.

EMNLP 2024

Large Language Models Are Challenged by Habitat-Centered Reasoning

content moderation

toxicity detection

knowledge transfer

misinformation detection

fact-checking

fact verification

knowledge distillation

transfer learning

hate speech detection

## Welcome to EMNLP 2024! 
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In this paper we perform a novel in-depth evaluation of text-only and multimodal LLMs' abilities to reason about object *habitats* or conditions on how objects are situated in their environments that affect the types of behaviors (or *affordances*) that can be enacted upon them. We present a novel curated multimodal dataset of questions about object habitats and affordances, which are formally grounded in the underlying lexical semantics literature, with multiple images from various sources that depict the scenario described in the question. We evaluate 16 text-only and multimodal LLMs on this challenging data. Our findings indicate that while certain LLMs can perform reasonably well on reasoning about affordances, there appears to be a consistent low upper bound on habitat-centered reasoning performance. We discuss how the formal semantics of habitats in fact predicts this behavior and propose this as a challenge to the community.

poster

Recent advancements in prompt engineering strategies, such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and Self-Discover, have demonstrated significant potential in improving the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, these state-of-the-art (SOTA) prompting strategies rely on a fixed set of static seed reasoning modules like "think step by step" or "break down this problem" intended to simulate human approach to problem-solving. This constraint limits the flexibility of models in tackling diverse problems effectively. In this paper, we introduce Auto-Evolve, a novel framework that enables LLMs to self-create dynamic reasoning modules and downstream action plan, resulting in significant improvements over current SOTA methods. We evaluate Auto-Evolve on the challenging BigBench-Hard (BBH) dataset with Claude 2.0, Claude 3 Sonnet, Mistral Large, and GPT-4, where it consistently outperforms the SOTA prompt strategies. Auto-Evolve outperforms CoT by up to 10.4% and on an average by 7% across these four models. Our framework introduces two innovations: a) Auto-Evolve dynamically generates reasoning modules for each task while aligning with human reasoning paradigm, thus eliminating the need for predefined templates. b) An iterative refinement component, that incrementally refines instruction guidance for LLMs and helps boost performance by average 2.8% compared to doing it in a single step.

Auto-Evolve: Enhancing Large Language Model's Performance via Self-Reasoning Framework

Emphasis is a crucial component in human communication, which indicates speaker's intention and implication beyond pure text in dialogue. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, their ability to understand emphasis in dialogue remains uncertain. This paper introduces Emphasized-Talk, a benchmark dataset with annotated dialogue samples capturing the implications of emphasis. We evaluate various LLMs, both open-source and commercial, to assess their performance in understanding and generating emphasis. Additionally, we propose an automatic evaluation pipeline using GPT-4, which achieve high correlation with human scoring. Our findings reveal that although commercial LLMs generally perform better, there is still significant room for improvement in comprehending emphasized sentences.

Can LLMs Understand the Implication of Emphasized Sentences in Dialogue?

Detoxifying multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) has become crucial due to their increasing global use. In this work, we explore zero-shot cross-lingual generalization of preference tuning in detoxifying LLMs. Unlike previous studies that show limited cross-lingual generalization for other safety tasks, we demonstrate that Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) training with only English data can significantly reduce toxicity in multilingual open-ended generations. For example, the probability of mGPT-1.3B generating toxic continuations drops from 46.8% to 3.9% across 17 different languages after training. Our results also extend to other multilingual LLMs, such as BLOOM, Llama3, and Aya-23. Using mechanistic interpretability tools like causal intervention and activation analysis, we identified the dual multilinguality property of MLP layers in LLMs, which explains the cross-lingual generalization of DPO. Finally, we show that bilingual sentence retrieval can predict the cross-lingual transferability of DPO preference tuning.

Preference Tuning For Toxicity Mitigation Generalizes Across Languages

The goal of topic modeling is to find meaningful topics that capture the information present in a collection of documents. The main challenges of topic modeling are finding the optimal number of topics, labeling the topics, segmenting documents by topic, and evaluating topic model performance. Current neural approaches have tackled some of these problems but none have been able to solve all of them. We introduce a novel topic modeling approach, Contextual-Top2Vec, which uses document contextual token embeddings, it creates hierarchical topics, finds topic spans within documents and labels topics with phrases rather than just words. We propose the use of BERTScore to evaluate topic coherence and to evaluate how informative topics are of the underlying documents. Our model outperforms the current state-of-the-art models on a comprehensive set of topic model evaluation metrics.

Topic Modeling: Contextual Token Embeddings Are All You Need

Large Language Models (LLMs) internally store repositories of knowledge. However, their access to this repository is imprecise and they frequently hallucinate information that is not true or does not exist. A paradigm called Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) promises to fix these issues. Dense passage retrieval (DPR) is the first step in this paradigm. In this paper, we analyze the role of DPR fine-tuning and how it affects the model being trained. DPR fine-tunes pre-trained networks to enhance the alignment of the embeddings between queries and relevant textual data. We explore DPR-trained models mechanistically by using a combination of probing, layer activation analysis, and model editing. Our experiments show that DPR training \textbf{decentralizes} how knowledge is stored in the network, creating \textbf{multiple access pathways} to the same information. We also uncover a \textbf{limitation} in this training style: the \textbf{internal knowledge} of the pre-trained model \textbf{bounds} what the retrieval model can retrieve. These findings suggest a few possible directions for dense retrieval: (1) expose the DPR training process to more knowledge so more can be decentralized, (2) inject facts as decentralized representations, (3) model and incorporate knowledge uncertainty in the retrieval process, and (4) directly map internal model knowledge to a knowledge base.

Dense Passage Retrieval: Is it Retrieving?

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great potential in the biomedical domain with the advancement of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). However, existing retrieval-augmented approaches face challenges in addressing diverse queries and documents, particularly for medical knowledge queries, resulting in sub-optimal performance. To address these limitations, we propose a novel plug-and-play LLM-based retrieval method called Self-Rewarding Tree Search (SeRTS) based on Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and a self-rewarding paradigm. By combining the reasoning capabilities of LLMs with the effectiveness of tree search, SeRTS boosts the zero-shot performance of retrieving high-quality and informative results for RAG. We further enhance retrieval performance by fine-tuning LLMs with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) objectives using the trajectories collected by SeRTS as feedback. Controlled experiments using the BioASQ-QA dataset with GPT-3.5-Turbo and LLama2-7b demonstrate that our method significantly improves the performance of the BM25 retriever and surpasses the strong baseline of self-reflection in both efficiency and scalability. Moreover, SeRTS generates higher-quality feedback for PPO training than self-reflection. Our proposed method effectively adapts LLMs to document retrieval tasks, enhancing their ability to retrieve highly relevant documents for RAG in the context of medical knowledge queries. This work presents a significant step forward in leveraging LLMs for accurate and comprehensive biomedical question answering.

Enhancing Biomedical Knowledge Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Self-Rewarding Tree Search and Proximal Policy Optimization

While current tasks of converting natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) using Foundation Models have shown impressive achievements, adapting these approaches for converting natural language to Graph Query Language (NL2GQL) encounters hurdles due to the distinct nature of GQL compared to SQL, alongside the diverse forms of GQL. Moving away from traditional rule-based and slot-filling methodologies, we introduce a novel approach, $R^3$-NL2GQL, integrating both small and large Foundation Models for ranking, rewriting, and refining tasks. This method leverages the interpretative strengths of smaller models for initial ranking and rewriting stages, while capitalizing on the superior generalization and query generation prowess of larger models for the final transformation of natural language queries into GQL formats. Addressing the scarcity of datasets in this emerging field, we have developed a bilingual dataset, sourced from graph database manuals and selected open-source Knowledge Graphs (KGs). Our evaluation of this methodology on this dataset demonstrates its promising efficacy and robustness.

R3-NL2GQL: A Model Coordination and Knowledge Graph Alignment Approach for NL2GQL

Open-domain long-form text generation requires generating coherent, comprehensive responses that address complex queries with both breadth and depth. This task is challenging due to the need to accurately capture diverse facets of input queries. Existing iterative retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approaches often struggle to delve deeply into each facet of complex queries and integrate knowledge from various sources effectively. This paper introduces ConTReGen, a novel framework that employs a context-driven, tree-structured retrieval approach to enhance the depth and relevance of retrieved content. ConTReGen integrates a hierarchical, top-down in-depth exploration of query facets with a systematic bottom-up synthesis, ensuring comprehensive coverage and coherent integration of multifaceted information. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets, including LFQA and ODSUM, alongside a newly introduced dataset, ODSUM-WikiHow, demonstrate that ConTReGen outperforms existing state-of-the-art RAG models.

ConTReGen: Context-driven Tree-structured Retrieval for Open-domain Long-form Text Generation

Safety-aligned Large Language Models (LLMs) are still vulnerable to some manual and automated jailbreak attacks, which adversarially trigger LLMs to output harmful content. However, existing jailbreaking methods usually view a harmful prompt as a whole but they are not effective at reducing LLMs' attention on combinations of words with malice, which well-aligned LLMs can easily reject. This paper discovers that decomposing a malicious prompt into separated sub-prompts can effectively reduce LLMs' attention on harmful words by presenting them to LLMs in a fragmented form, thereby addressing these limitations and improving attack effectiveness. We introduce an automatic prompt Decomposition and Reconstruction framework for jailbreaking Attack (DrAttack). DrAttack consists of three key components: (a) 'Decomposition' of the original prompt into sub-prompts, (b) 'Reconstruction' of these sub-prompts implicitly by In-Context Learning with semantically similar but benign reassembling example, and (c) 'Synonym Search' of sub-prompts, aiming to find sub-prompts' synonyms that maintain the original intent while jailbreaking LLMs. An extensive empirical study across multiple open-source and closed-source LLMs demonstrates that, with fewer queries, DrAttack obtains a substantial gain of success rate on powerful LLMs over prior SOTA attackers. Notably, the success rate of 80% on GPT-4 surpassed previous art by 65%. Code and data are made publicly available at https://turningpoint-ai.github.io/DrAttack/.

DrAttack: Prompt Decomposition and Reconstruction Makes Powerful LLMs Jailbreakers

Large language models (LLMs) capable of casual conversation have recently become widely available. We hypothesize that users of conversational systems want a more personalized experience, and existing work shows that users are highly receptive to personalized questions (PQs). Question Generation tasks, however, focus on factual questions from textual excerpts. To create a PQ generator, we first identify over 400 real user interests by anonymously aggregating ~39K user models. We then populate prompt templates with these 400 interests and use an LLM to generate PQs customized to user interests. The result is PerQs, a novel corpus of ~19K question/answer pairs. We evaluate PerQs at scale in the unique context of the Alexa Prize. Our results show significant positive effects on perceived conversation quality. We then fine-tune, deploy, and evaluate PerQy, a neural model that generates PQs in real-time. When evaluated against several competitive LLM baselines, PerQy produced the most natural and engaging responses.

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Next from EMNLP 2024

Auto-Evolve: Enhancing Large Language Model's Performance via Self-Reasoning Framework

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