United States

Social movements use social media to draw attention to their cause, disseminate information, coordinate offline action, and build collective identity (Harlow, 2012; Jost et al., 2018). Social media further provides a space for activists, bystanders and opponents to collectively construct and contest narratives of their movement via collective action framing (Snow et al., 1988). Focusing on Twitter (X) messages from social movements surrounding three issues (guns, immigration, and LGBTQ rights), we create a codebook, annotated dataset, and computational models to detect diagnostic (problem identification and attribution), prognostic (proposed solutions and tactics) and motivational (calls to action) framing strategies. We conduct an in-depth unsupervised linguistic analysis of each strategy and uncover cross-movement similarities in associations between framing and linguistic features such as personal pronouns. We then analyze frame variation across a broad set of sociocultural and interactional contexts.

EMNLP 2024

Framing Social Movements on Social Media: Unpacking Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Motivational Strategies

social movements

computational social science

social media

framing

### Welcome to the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL) 
Continuing its mission of expanding and involving the science community of all European countries, EACL had selected the Ukrainian community for the 16th EACL, which took place online due to the COVID pandemic. Unfortunately, the ongoing war made the organisation in Kyiv impossible. Considering the importance of physical interaction among researchers, especially after the restrictions imposed by the COVID pandemic, in addition to an online mode, the conference will be held in Dubrovnik, Croatia, from 2 to 6 of May, 2023. The original aim of strengthening the connection with the Ukrainian community will not change as our program will feature a dedicated session and a workshop to highlight work on Ukrainian language technologies. As the flagship European conference in the field of computational linguistics, EACL welcomes European and international researchers covering a broad spectrum of research areas that are concerned with computational approaches to natural language.

You need to register for the conference in order to access this site. Please visit https://2023.eacl.org/registration for more information.

EACL 2023

As the flagship European conference in the field of computational linguistics, EACL welcomes European and international researchers covering a broad spectrum of research areas that are concerned with computational approaches to natural language.

## Welcome to EMNLP 2024! 
We are excited to welcome you to one of the most prominent conferences in the field of Natural Language Processing. This year, EMNLP 2024 is being held in a hybrid format,
offering both virtual and in-person participation in beautiful Miami. Due to a record-breaking number of submissions, we've expanded the total number of accepted papers to accommodate more cutting-edge research from around the globe.
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Please register!

EMNLP 2024 will take place in Miami, Florida from Nov 12th to Nov 16th, 2024, at the Hyatt Regency Miami Hote and on Underline for remote participants.

Recent advancements in massively multilingual machine translation systems have significantly enhanced translation accuracy; however, even the best performing systems still generate hallucinations, severely impacting user trust. Detecting hallucinations in Machine Translation (MT) remains a critical challenge, particularly since existing methods excel with High-Resource Languages (HRLs) but exhibit substantial limitations when applied to Low-Resource Languages (LRLs). This paper evaluates sentence-level hallucination detection approaches using Large Language Models (LLMs) and semantic similarity within massively multilingual embeddings. Our study spans 16 language directions, covering HRLs, LRLs, with diverse scripts. We find that the choice of model is essential for performance. On average, for HRLs, Llama3-70B outperforms the previous state of the art by as much as 0.16 MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient). However, for LRLs we observe that Claude Sonnet outperforms other LLMs on average by 0.03 MCC. The key takeaway from our study is that LLMs can achieve performance comparable or even better than previously proposed models, despite not being explicitly trained for any machine translation task. However, their advantage is less significant for LRLs.

Machine Translation Hallucination Detection for Low and High Resource Languages using Large Language Models

News headline generation has seen significant advancements in resource-rich languages like the English language, leveraging sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) techniques. However, similar progress has not been observed for low-resource Indian languages, particularly Telugu. We focus on implementing news headline generation given the news article using an abstractive summarization approach, which enables the generation of contextually rich headlines by interpreting and rephrasing content using deep learning techniques. We create a dataset of articles and headlines scraped from the Telugu news website `Sakshi'. We use pre-trained language models such as mBART50, MT5, and IndicBART for fine-tuning using our dataset. Our findings show the effectiveness of fine-tuning pre-trained models for news headline-generation tasks in Telugu.

News Headline Generation in Telugu

Automatic metrics are extensively used to evaluate natural language processing systems. However, there has been increasing focus on how they are used and reported by practitioners within the field. In this paper, we have con ducted a survey on the use of automatic metrics, focusing particularly on natural language gen eration (NLG) tasks. We inspect which metrics are used as well as why they are chosen and how their use is reported. Our findings from this survey reveal significant shortcomings, in cluding inappropriate metric usage, lack of im plementation details and missing correlations with human judgements. We conclude with rec ommendations that we believe authors should follow to enable more rigour within the field.

Automatic Metrics in Natural Language Generation: A Survey of Current Evaluation Practices

Modern biomedical concept representations are mostly trained on synonymous concept names from a biomedical knowledge base, ignoring the inter-concept interactions and a concept's local neighborhood in a knowledge base graph. In this paper, we introduce Biomedical Entity Representation with a Graph-Augmented Multi-Objective Transformer (BERGAMOT), which adopts the power of pre-trained language models (LMs) and graph neural networks to capture both inter-concept and intra-concept interactions from the multilingual UMLS graph. We apply contrastive loss on textual and graph representations to make them less sensitive to surface forms and enable intermodal knowledge exchange between two uni-modal encoders. BERGAMOT achieves state-of-the-art results in zero-shot entity linking without task-specific supervision on three monolingual datasets and Mantra multilingual benchmark.

Biomedical Entity Representation with Graph-Augmented Multi-Objective Transformer

Automated Emotion Recognition in language is a challenging task that has attracted considerable attention especially in recent years. We present a summary of our findings and observations based on a thorough analysis of recent resources and related practices.

Emotion-Annotated Data in NLP: Perspectives on Recent Resources and Practices

The textual content that is fed to Large Language Models (LLMs) can sometimes be noisy con- taining misspelled words. We investigate the effect of such mistakes on the performance of 9 language models, with parameters ranging from 0.2B to 13B, in 3 different NLP tasks, namely Natural Language Inference (NLI), Name Entity Recognition (NER), and Intent Classification (IC). We perform our experiments on 6 different languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Hindi, and Turkish) and build a dictionary of real-world noise for them using Wikipedia edit history. We show that the performance gap of the studied models on the clean and noisy test data averaged across all the datasets and languages ranges from 2.3 to 4.3 absolute percentage points. In addition, mT5 models, in general, show more robustness compared to BLOOM, Falcon, and BERT-like models. In particular, mT5 (13B), was the most robust on average overall, across the 3 tasks, and in 4 out of the 6 languages.

Exploring Robustness of Multilingual LLMs on Real-World Noisy Data

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved their reasoning and decision-making capabilities, as seen in methods like ReAct. However, despite its effectiveness in tackling complex tasks, ReAct faces two main challenges: losing focus on the original question and becoming stuck in action loops. To address these issues, we introduce Focused ReAct, an enhanced version of the ReAct paradigm that incorporates reiteration and early stop mechanisms. These improvements help the model stay focused on the original query and avoid repetitive behaviors. Experimental results show accuracy gains of 18% to 530% and a runtime reduction of up to 34% compared to the original ReAct method.

Focused ReAct: Improving ReAct through Reiterate and Early Stop

We investigate the knowledge of object af- fordances in pre-trained language models (LMs) and pre-trained Vision-Language mod- els (VLMs). A growing body of literature shows that PTLMs fail inconsistently and non- intuitively, demonstrating a lack of reasoning and grounding. To take a first step toward quan- tifying the effect of grounding (or lack thereof), we curate a novel and comprehensive dataset of object affordances – TEXT2AFFORD, charac- terized by 15 affordance classes. Unlike affor- dance datasets collected in vision and language domains, we annotate in-the-wild sentences with objects and affordances. Experimental results reveal that PTLMs exhibit limited rea- soning abilities when it comes to uncommon object affordances. We also observe that pre- trained VLMs do not necessarily capture ob- ject affordances effectively. Through few-shot fine-tuning, we demonstrate improvement in affordance knowledge in PTLMs and VLMs. Our research contributes a novel dataset for lan- guage grounding tasks, and prese

Text2Afford: Probing Object Affordance Prediction abilities of Language Models solely from Text

To predict upcoming text, language models must in some cases retrieve in-context information verbatim. In this report, we investigated how the ability of language models to retrieve arbitrary in-context nouns developed during training (across time) and as language models trained on the same dataset increase in size (across scale). We then asked whether learning of in-context retrieval correlates with learning of more challenging zero-shot benchmarks. Furthermore, inspired by semantic effects in human short-term memory, we evaluated the retrieval with respect to a major semantic component of target nouns, namely whether they denote a concrete or abstract entity, as rated by humans. We show that verbatim in-context retrieval developed in a sudden transition early in the training process, after about 1% of the training tokens. This was observed across model sizes (from 14M and up to 12B parameters), and the transition occurred slightly later for the two smallest models. We further found that the development of verbatim in-context retrieval is positively correlated with the learning of zeroshot benchmarks. Around the transition point, all models showed the advantage of retrieving concrete nouns as opposed to abstract nouns. In all but two smallest models, the advantage dissipated away toward the end of training.

Transformer verbatim in-context retrieval across time and scale

Interpretability studies have played an important role in the field of NLP. They focus on the problems of how models encode information or, for instance, whether linguistic capabilities allow them to prefer grammatical sentences to ungrammatical. Recently, several studies examined whether the models demonstrate patterns similar to humans and whether they are sensitive to the phenomena of interference like humans' grammaticality judgements, including the phenomenon of agreement attraction. In this paper, we probe BERT and GPT models on the syntactic phenomenon of agreement attraction in Russian using the psycholinguistic data with syncretism. Working on the language with syncretism between some plural and singular forms allows us to differentiate between the effects of the surface form and of the underlying grammatical feature. Thus we can further investigate models' sensitivity to this phenomenon and examine if the patterns of their behaviour are similar to human patterns. Moreover, we suggest a new way of comparing models' and humans' responses via statistical testing. We show that there are some similarities between models' and humans' results, while GPT is somewhat more aligned with human responses than BERT. Finally, preliminary results suggest that surface form syncretism influences attraction, perhaps more so than grammatical form syncretism.

Next from EMNLP 2024

Machine Translation Hallucination Detection for Low and High Resource Languages using Large Language Models

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Towards a More In-Depth Detection of Political Framing