Thailand

Recent advancements in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems have significantly improved model performance on various translation benchmarks. However, these systems still face numerous challenges when translating low-resource languages (e.g., Urdu). In this work, we uncover the specific issues machine translation systems face when dealing with Urdu (a low-resource Indo-Aryan language). We first conduct a comprehensive evaluation of four diverse models on the task of Urdu Machine Translation: GPT-3.5 (a large language model), opus-mt-en-ur (a bilingual translation model), NLLB (a model trained for translating 200 languages) and IndicTrans2 (a specialized model for translating low-resource Indian languages). The results demonstrate that IndicTrans2 significantly outperforms other models in Urdu Machine Translation. We unveil the reasons for the superior performance of IndicTrans2, highlight the specific challenges encountered by different models in Urdu translation, and provide suggestions for further improvements in Urdu machine translation systems.

ACL 2024

Challenges in Urdu Machine Translation

machine trasnlation

low-resource languages

#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

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The 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2024) will take place in Bangkok, Thailand from August 11th to 16th, 2024. More information will be announced soon.

In this paper we propose a framework for automatic translation of English text to American Sign Language (ASL) which leverages a linguistically informed transformer model to translate English sentences into ASL gloss sequences. These glosses are then associated with respective ASL videos, effectively representing English text in ASL. To facilitate experimentation, we create an English-ASL parallel dataset on banking domain.
Our preliminary results demonstrated that the linguistically informed transformer model achieves a 97.83\% ROUGE-L score for text-to-gloss translation on the ASLG-PC12 dataset. Furthermore, fine-tuning the transformer model on the banking domain dataset yields an 89.47\% ROUGE-L score when fine-tuned on ASLG-PC12 + banking domain dataset. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the linguistically informed model for both general and domain-specific translations. To facilitate parallel dataset generation in banking-domain, we choose ASL despite having limited benchmarks and data corpus compared to some of the other sign languages.

Linguistically Informed Transformers for Text to American Sign Language Translation

Cross-lingual summarization (XLS) aims to generate a summary in a target language different from the source language document. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promising zero-shot XLS performance, their few-shot capabilities on this task remain unexplored, especially for low-resource languages with limited parallel data. In this paper, we investigate the few-shot XLS performance of various models, including Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2, GPT-3.5, and GPT-4.
Our experiments demonstrate that few-shot learning significantly improves the XLS performance of LLMs, particularly GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, in low-resource settings. 
However, the open-source model Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2 struggles to adapt effectively to the XLS task with limited examples. 
Our findings highlight the potential of few-shot learning for improving XLS performance and the need for further research in designing LLM architectures and pre-training objectives tailored for this task. We provide a future work direction to explore more effective few-shot learning strategies and to investigate the transfer learning capabilities of LLMs for cross-lingual summarization.

Low-Resource Cross-Lingual Summarization through Few-Shot Learning with Large Language Models

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) remains a formidable challenge, especially when dealing with low-resource languages. Pre-trained sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) multi-lingual models, such as mBART-50, have demonstrated impressive performance in various low-resource NMT tasks. However, their pre-training has been confined to 50 languages, leaving out support for numerous low-resource languages, particularly those spoken in the Indian subcontinent. Expanding mBART-50's language support requires complex pre-training, risking performance decline due to catastrophic forgetting. 
Considering these expanding challenges, this paper explores a framework that leverages the benefits of a pre-trained language model along with knowledge distillation in a seq2seq architecture to facilitate translation for low-resource languages, including those not endorsed by mBART-50. The proposed framework employs a multilingual encoder-based seq2seq model as the foundational architecture and subsequently uses complementary knowledge distillation techniques to mitigate the impact of imbalanced training. 
Our framework is evaluated on six low-resource Indic language pairs, yielding significant BLEU-4 and chrF improvements over baselines. Further, we conduct human evaluation confirm effectiveness of our approach.

Enhancing Low-Resource NMT with a Multilingual Encoder and Knowledge Distillation: A Case Study

Cantonese, the second most prevalent Chinese dialect after Mandarin, has been relatively overlooked in machine translation (MT) due to a scarcity of bilingual resources. In this paper, we propose to leverage Mandarin, a high-resource language, as a pivot language for Cantonese-to-English MT. Our method utilizes transfer learning from pre-trained Bidirectional and Auto-Regressive Transformer (BART) models to initialize auxiliary Cantonese-Mandarin and Mandarin-English MT models. The parameters of the auxiliary models are then used to initialize the Cantonese-English model. Based on our experiment, our proposed method outperforms several baseline initialization strategies and naive pivot translation.

Leveraging Mandarin as a Pivot Language for Low-Resource Machine Translation from Cantonese to English

This study addresses a challenge in Morphology segmentation: accurately segmenting words in languages with rich morphology. There needs to be more consistency between the outcomes of probabilistic approaches like Morfessor and words segmented by humans. Our study adds some steps to the Morfessor segmentation process to consider invalid morphemes and borrowed words from other languages to improve morphological segmentation significantly. Comparing our idea to the results obtained from Morfessor demonstrates its efficiency, leading to more accurate morphology segmentation; in the particular case of Turkish, and opening up new opportunities for progress in morpheme segmentation especially for rich morphologically language.

Enhancing Turkish Word Segmentation: A Focus on Borrowed Words and Invalid Morpheme

Despite the increasing popularity of multilingualism within the NLP community, numerous languages continue to be underrepresented due to the lack of available resources. Our work addresses this gap by introducing experiments on cross-lingual transfer between 158 high-resource (HR) and 31 low-resource (LR) languages. We mainly focus on extremely LR languages, some of which are first presented in research works. Across $158*31$ HR–LR language pairs, we investigate how continued pretraining on different HR languages affects the mT5 model's performance in representing LR languages in the LM setup. Our findings surprisingly reveal that the optimal language pairs with improved performance do not necessarily align with direct linguistic motivations, with subtoken overlap playing a more crucial role. Our investigation indicates that specific languages tend to be almost universally beneficial for pretraining (\textit{super donors}), while others benefit from pretraining with almost any language (\textit{super recipients}). This pattern recurs in various setups and is unrelated to the linguistic similarity of HR-LR pairs. Furthermore, we perform evaluation on two downstream tasks, part-of-speech (POS) tagging and machine translation (MT), showing how HR pretraining affects LR language performance. We thoroughly explore and discuss the experimental results of this study.

Super donors and super recipients: Studying cross-lingual transfer between high-resource and low-resource languages

In Machine Translation, various tokenisers are used to segment inputs before training a model. Despite tokenisation being mostly considered a solved problem for languages such as English, it is still unclear as to how effective different tokenisers are for morphologically rich languages. 
This study aims to explore how different approaches to tokenising Maltese impact machine translation results on the English-Maltese language pair.
We observed that the OPUS-100 dataset has tokenisation inconsistencies in Maltese. We empirically found that training models on the original OPUS-100 dataset led to the generation of sentences with these issues.
We therefore release an updated version of the OPUS-100 parallel English-Maltese dataset, referred to as OPUS-100-Fix, fixing these inconsistencies in Maltese by using the MLRS tokeniser. 
We show that after fixing the inconsistencies in the dataset, results on the fixed test set increase by 2.49 BLEU points over models trained on the original OPUS-100. We also experiment with different tokenisers, including BPE and SentencePiece to find the ideal tokeniser and vocabulary size for our setup, which was shown to be BPE with a vocabulary size of 8,000. Finally, we train different models in both directions for the ENG-MLT language pair using OPUS-100-Fix by training models from scratch as well as fine-tuning other pre-trained models, namely mBART-50 and NLLB, where a finetuned NLLB model performed the best.

Tokenisation in Machine Translation Does Matter: The impact of different tokenisation approaches for Maltese

We propose the first MT models for Innu-Aimun, an Indigenous language in Eastern Canada, in an effort to provide assistance tools for translation and language learning. This project is carried out in collaboration with an Innu community school and involves the participation of students in Innu-Aimun translation, within the framework of a meaningful consideration of Indigenous perspectives.
Our contributions in this paper result from the three initial stages of this project. First, we aim to align bilingual Innu-Aimun/French texts with collaboration and participation of Innu-Aimun locutors. Second, we present the training and evaluation results of the MT models (both statistical and neural) based on these aligned corpora. And third, we collaboratively analyze some of the translations resulting from the MT models.
We also see these developments for Innu-Aimun as a useful case study for answering a larger question: in a context where few aligned bilingual sentences are available for an Indigenous language, can cultural texts such as literature and poetry be used in the development of MT models?

Machine Translation Through Cultural Texts: Can Verses and Prose Help Low-Resource Indigenous Models?

This paper explores the impact of different back-translation approaches on machine translation for Ladin, specifically the Val Badia variant. Given the limited amount of parallel data available for this language (only 18k Ladin--Italian sentence pairs), we investigate the performance of a multilingual neural machine translation model fine-tuned for Ladin--Italian. In addition to the available authentic data, we synthesise further translations by using three different models: a fine-tuned neural model, a rule-based system developed specifically for this language pair, and a large language model. Our experiments show that all approaches achieve comparable translation quality in this low-resource scenario, yet round-trip translations highlight differences in model performance.

Rule-Based, Neural and LLM Back-Translation: Comparative Insights from a Variant of Ladin

African languages are not well-represented in Natural Language Processing (NLP). The main reason is a lack of resources for training models. Low-resource languages, such as Amharic and Ge'ez, cannot benefit from modern NLP methods because of the lack of high-quality datasets. This paper presents AGE, an open-source tripartite alignment of Amharic, Ge'ez, and English parallel dataset. Additionally, we introduced a novel, 1,000 Ge'ez-centered sentences sourced from areas such as news and novels. Furthermore, we developed a model from a multilingual pre-trained language model, which brings 12.29 and 30.66 for English-Ge'ez and Ge'ez to English, respectively, and 9.39 and 12.29 for Amharic-Ge'ez and Ge'ez-Amharic respectively.

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Linguistically Informed Transformers for Text to American Sign Language Translation

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Building and Evaluating a High Quality Parallel Corpus for English Urdu Low Resource Machine Translation